I-sushi bars franchise ivumela ukuvula ibhizinisi lakho ngamakhasimende asevele esunguliwe, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe, amamenyu, kanye nemigomo yokusebenza. Eqinisweni, uma usaqala, ufuna ukuqala ibhizinisi lakho, kepha kukhona ubunzima ekuphathweni, indlela eyiyo, akunandaba. Namuhla kukhona ikhathalogi ye-franchise, eletha ukunikezwa kwamanje nge-franchise, amanani nezimo, namanye ama-nuances. Ukunikezwa kwe-franchise okwethulwe kukhathalogu kunxusa ukuthanda komuntu wonke kanye nephakethe lakhe. Kunama-franchise ezinkampani ezidume umhlaba wonke, kanye namabhizinisi angaziwa kangako kepha anamaphuzu amaningi esifundeni esithile. Ngemuva kokuya kukhathalogi ye-franchise, iyatholakala ukukhetha i-franchise efanelekayo, qhathanisa ukubaluleka kwayo, ujwayelane neziphakamiso zokuqala zamanje nezindlela zokupheka zombhali.

Ngisho ubale isikhathi esithile sokubuyiselwa komkhiqizo, kubalwa inzuzo nezinye izindleko. Uma uphendukela enkombeni ye-sushi bars franchise, ukulethwa ku-inthanethi, uthola ibhizinisi le-turnkey, okungukuthi asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka ngokuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kuthinta abantu abasha, okuthi, ngokunikezwa imakethe nokuncintisana, bangazi ukuthi baqale kuphi nokuthi yiziphi izimiso okufanele bazilandele. Ukumaketha, ukwesekwa okugcwele, ukuhlinzeka ngemininingwane, ukubonisana, ukufundisa abasebenzi, ukukhetha indawo nokuklama, ukusekela ukwakhiwa nokwenyuswa kwesiza, uhlelo lweselula oluvumelaniswe nokuphathwa kohlelo lwe-sushi, uhambo oluya ekuvulweni kwezindawo ezintsha ezikhona, njll. enikezwa i-franchisee lapho uthenga i-franchise. Kuyinto elula futhi ekhangayo, akunjalo? Impela, akekho owathi kuzoba lula. Lokhu akusho ukuthi awudingi ukwenza lutho, ngoba ngenkathi uthola imininingwane ephelele kufanelekile ukugcina uphawu nekhwalithi, ukugcina amakhasimende nokwakha ukuxhumana okusha, ukwandisa nokwandisa imali engenayo.

Wakha ifomethi yomsebenzi ngokwakho, eholwa ngosizo lochwepheshe. Kungani kunenzuzo ukusebenza nencwadi yesandla ye-franchise? Konke kulula okuyisisekelo. Awudingi ukuhlaziya imakethe ngokwakho, ongoti bethu bayasiza kule ndaba nakwabanye abalandelayo, ukuya emihlanganweni kuze kube ukuxhaswa kwezomthetho ngokusayina isivumelwano se-franchisor ne-franchisee. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma usuphendukele esiqondisweni se-franchise, kufanele uqonde ukuthi asikho isidingo sokukhangisa ngoba i-SEO traffic ivumela ukuqashelwa nokufunwa. Izindleko ze-franchise akuyona yonke inkokhelo ecatshangelwayo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ngokukhokhwa kwemali eyisamba, okuba yisiqinisekiso se-franchisor lapho iphothula isivumelwano. Amalungelo okusebenzisa igama, uphawu lwe-sushi cafe ngolwazi olugcwele anikezwa ngemuva kokukhokhwa kwesamba.

Imali eyisamba ikhokhwa enanini lezindleko ezifingqiwe zenhlangano ye-sushi, kusukela esikhathini sokubuyiselwa kanye nenani lemali engenayo. Ifomethi ehlanganisiwe ye-cafe-restaurant nokudilizwa kunenzuzo enkulu. I-franchisor eyodwa esekwe ezweni ingaba nenombolo engenamkhawulo yama-franchisees asuselwa endaweni nasidingo. Isitolo esisodwa se-sushi online, ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lweselula, i-automation ne-software, ukusebenza kahle, nekhwalithi ephezulu, ngokushesha iba nezimpande ezimakethe, yize kunomncintiswano. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane kufaka isandla ekukhuleni okuphezulu nasekuthengiseni, imali engenayo ngokukhetha okufanele nangendlela efanele. Wonke umuntu uthanda ikhishi laseJapan, i-ramen, i-onigiri, i-sushi, ngakho-ke i-franchise ye-sushi iyadingeka. Ukude, i-franchisor ingenza izifinyezo, ukuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo.

Izingcezu zoqeqesho zifaka incazelo yenkampani ye-sushi, amazinga, kanye nemigomo yomsebenzi, igama lezinhlobo ze-sushi nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ngokulungiswa kwezinhlelo zebhizinisi, ukuphathwa kwezentengiso, kanye nabasebenzi, abalawula umsebenzi webhizinisi le-sushi . Ungakhathazeki ngendawo nokuklama, ngoba abasunguli bayasiza kulezi zindaba nasekuqeqesheni abasebenzi kuwo wonke ama-chip, ngokunikezwa kwedatha kubahlinzeki kanye nemicimbi yokumaketha. Nsuku zonke, unikeza amakhasimende okumnandi futhi kubukeka kahle i-sushi emnandi ngokwaphezulu futhi emnandi ngentengo, ngeke wazi ukuthi yini umncintiswano. Lapho uthengisa, kufanele uqondiswe izidingo zamakhasimende, ngoba lolu hlobo lwebhizinisi luye ngombono wabathengi. Kuyatholakala ukwenza ukuhlaziywa nokuhlola, isibonelo, ngokulethwa ngakunye, ucelwa ukuthi uhlole ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo. Yenza ukumangala okuhle kwamakhasimende. Faka isoftware application, ngokufakwa kwe-PBX telephony, ukuthola ucingo nokubona idatha yamakhasimende, kubhekiswa kwimininingwane yomuntu, kuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwamakhasimende.

Ibhizinisi ngalinye kufanele lihlelwe ngokucophelela, akumele kube nemininingwane emincane eyeqa kuwe futhi engathikameza ukusebenza kwendawo yokudlela yakho. Kungani udinga ukunaka yonke into encane? Ngoba ngisho nensizakalo, ukulethwa kokudla kuthinta umsebenzi, ukufuneka, kanye nesimo sokudlela se-sushi, futhi akukho sizo le-franchise lapha. Ukuqonda okugcwele, ukucwiliswa ebhizinisini lakho, kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo. Nge-franchise, kungenzeka ukunciphisa izingozi, ukulahleka, nokwehluleka okuphelele ngokwenza lokho okuthandayo ngaphansi kobuholi bomkhiqizo omkhulu, unethuba eliyingqayizivele lokusebenzisana neqembu elikhulu nelinolwazi, okukhuthaza ukuthembela kwamakhasimende kusuka esikalini nekhwalithi . I-franchise akuyona nje ukuthengiswa kwebhizinisi, kodwa ifomu lomqondo lokukhulisa ibhizinisi. Ukudla komphakathi bekulokhu kufanele kakhulu kunezinye izindawo zomsebenzi, kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi wonke umuntu uthanda ukudla okumnandi, futhi uma intengo nayo ingabiza, ngeke ulingane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cuisine yaseJapan ayishiyi muntu engenandaba futhi ihlanganisa yonke imiphakathi yekilasi.

Into esemqoka lapha ukuthi ungakhohlwa ukubalwa kwezimali, ngokubala ukuthuthuka okusheshayo nokubalwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, isenzo esisheshayo sababhali bama-akhawunti. Kuyadingeka futhi ukuqapha abasebenzi nsuku zonke ukuze kungehliswa izinga nezilinganiso. Ukuya ezingeni lesifunda, kunesidingo esengeziwe. Lapho uhlaziya futhi ukhetha i-franchise, kungenzeka ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngokuxhumana nabachwepheshe abangochwepheshe, nabo abathumela imininingwane eningiliziwe ngendlela elula.

Vula isitolo se-franchise kuyisiqalo esihle sebhizinisi eliphumelelayo. Kepha uvula kanjani futhi ungalahli? Ake sikuthole. Ngakho-ke, unesifiso nemali yokuqala ukuqala ibhizinisi lakho. Ukunciphisa izingozi futhi ungalahlekelwa yimali, unquma ukuthenga i-franchise yesitolo. Kepha iyini i-franchise? Kuluhlobo lwelayisense noma ilungelo lokumela umkhiqizo edolobheni lakho noma ezweni lakho. I-franchisor ithengisa leli lungelo futhi isiza i-franchisee ukuhlela i-biz, ngokohlelo lwe-biz olwenziwe ngaphambili, ngenkathi igcina imigomo yomsebenzi noma ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza.

Ngakho-ke, usomabhizinisi osemusha uqala ukusebenza ngaphansi kokuholwa yinkampani eyaziwayo. Kubukeka sengathi kunje, uvula isitolo se-franchise kusuka kumkhiqizo owaziwayo, okhushulwayo ezweni lakho, futhi owaziwa ngabathengi. I-franchisor ikunikeza ngezikimu zomsebenzi ezisungulwe kahle, ubuchwepheshe, namasu webhizinisi. Ama-Franchise ahlukaniswe ngezigaba: aqondile, ajwayelekile, amahhala, ngokushintshwa, okwenziwe ngomumo. Ungavula isitolo se-franchise ngqo uma izinketho zakho zezezimali zilinganiselwe. Lolu hlobo lokubambisana lunikeza ilungelo lokuvula ihhovisi elilodwa noma amabili abamele. Izinga lithatha ukuphendula okugcwele ku-franchisor yakho.

Kulokhu, kubalulekile ukuhambisana nayo yonke imigomo namazinga enkampani. I-franchise yamahhala ithatha imithetho yokusebenza enemibandela evela ku-franchisor, ukuphathwa okugcwele kwesitolo kuyenziwa. Ngokufaka esikhundleni, efanelekayo kubakhiqizi bama-franchisee. Kulokhu, inkampani ye-franchise isho indlela nendlela yobuchwepheshe, bese uzikhethela abahlinzeki. Izinkampani ezenziwe ngomumo, lolu hlobo lwe-franchising ludinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, uthenga ibhizinisi elenziwe ngomumo, bese kuthi ngokubuyisela, ukhokhe amaroyalt noma inzalo. Yini evulekile inzuzo yesitolo se-franchise? Kumabhizinisi ongenalwazi, vula lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lufaneleka kakhulu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, akuyona imfihlo lapho ungazi okuthile noma ungaqondi, yisikhathi esifanele nje sokuthi uphendukele kumeluleki owaziyo ngokwenzekayo futhi owaziyo indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo.

Yini engayenza i-franchiser? Icebo lebhizinisi namasu, uhlelo lwe-biz, izinto zokwazisa, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza umkhiqizo, amakhasimende nabaphakeli. Kubiza malini ukuvula isitolo? Okokuqala, imali iyadingeka ukuthenga i-franchise. Izindleko zayo ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lokubambisana nezinga lokuphakanyiswa komkhiqizo. Kufanele futhi ukhokhe imali ekhokhelwa njalo ngenyanga yokusebenzisa igama lenkampani. Uma uvuma, ungasusa inzalo ngokwandisa umnikelo wokuqala ebhizinisini. Enye indlela ekhangayo ukukholisa i-franchisor yakho ngobuhlakani bakho kanye nekhono lokwenza inzuzo ethe xaxa nge-biz ngokuzayo, ngaleyo ndlela ungadonsela utshalomali futhi ungalondolozi zimali. Balisisa kahle imigomo yokubambisana ukuze ungabi nezinkinga ngokuzayo.

Kungani kunenzuzo ukuvula isitolo? Kunezizathu eziningana. Ungathengisa esitolo se-virtual nendawo yokuthengisa yangempela. Izimpahla ezahlukahlukene ziyathengiswa zithengwe ngonyaka. Kuvela ukuthi udinga ukukhetha i-niche yakho futhi unikeze abathengi imikhiqizo yezimpawu ezingcono kunezozincintisana nabo. Ukuhweba okuku-inthanethi kubaluleke kakhulu manje, kulula ukuthi iklayenti futhi lisebenze lodwa lodwa. Vula ibhizinisi lakho kwi-Intanethi kunenzuzo. Awudingi ukuqasha ihhovisi, ukhokhele izinsiza kusebenza, uqashe abasebenzi abaningi, ungene ezindlekweni zokugcina ihhovisi.

Udinga nje ukuhlela ukulethwa, impendulo yamakhasimende. I-Franchising inikeza lelo thuba ngoba umkhiqizo othengisiwe usuvele uthandwa ngabathengi. Yimiphi imikhiqizo ehamba phambili manje? Ukuthengiswa kwezimali emkhakheni wezokudla, ukuthengisa kabusha, ukukhiqiza, imikhiqizo yezingane, okokugqoka nezicathulo, imfundo. Izindawo ezingenhla zithandwa kakhulu futhi zikhokha ngokushesha. Ungavula iphuzu lokudayiswa kwezingubo noma izicathulo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuthi ayifunwanga, futhi into esemqoka ukunquma nge-niche. Ngaphambi kokuqala ibhizinisi lokugxila okunjalo, udinga ukunquma ngemali yokuqala, futhi uqonde ukuthi yini ofuna ukuyizuza ekugcineni. Yenza uhlelo bese uyakwenza, funda izindaba zempumelelo zalowo onelungelo lokuthenga ngemali, uhlole amathuba akho okuphumelela.

Ikhathalogi yethu eyingqayizivele isiza ukuthola inketho yobambiswano efanele. Idizayinelwe ngendlela yokuthi ukwazi ukuzulazula kuziphakamiso bese uhlola izinketho ezihlongozwayo. Siqoqe iziphakamiso ezivela ezinkampanini zasekhaya nezakwamanye amazwe. Ungathola okunikezwayo kwezinga elihlukile lesabelomali. Ngasikhathi sinye, sibeka ama-franchisors athembekile kuphela, ayikho indawo yabakhwabanisi enkombeni yethu. Vula isitolo se-franchise noma ibhizinisi lakho eliyintandokazi kuyisinyathelo sokuqonda amakhono akho, sikulungele ukukusiza ngalokhu.

I-sushi ne-roll franchise yiphrojekthi efanelekile, engaba nenzuzo, kodwa engaba yingozi. Ukunciphisa ubungozi, yenza izibalo zokuqala. Kuzokusiza uqonde ukuthi wenzeni lapho kwenzeka isimo esinzima. Lapho usebenza uvumelanisa ne-franchise, kufanele wazi ngokucacile ukuthi uthathe izinhlobo eziningi zezibopho ku-franchisor. Uma zingagcwaliseki kahle, ilungelo lokusatshalaliswa okukhethekile lingavele limukelwe. I-franchise yama-rolls kufanele yenziwe ngendlela yokuthi akekho noyedwa onezimangalo.

Futhi izimangalo zingavela kalula, zombili ezivela kumakhasimende nakwezinhlaka zikahulumeni, ezingamemezela ngokuqinisekisa. Kepha lokhu akugcini uhlu lwezingozi ezikusongelayo uma usebenzisa i-franchise ye-sushi kanye nama-rolls. Isibonelo, uma ungakwenzi ukudla ezingeni elifanele lekhwalithi, khona-ke amakhasimende angakuhleka bese eyeka ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwensizakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuthi uzovivinywa usebenzisa indlela yemfihlakalo ye-shopper. Lo ngumuntu ozenza ikhasimende lakho bese eza ezothenga izimpahla noma asebenzise insiza. Akazenzi sengathi uyahlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usebenzisa izinsizakalo ze-franchise yakho ye-sushi kanye nama-rolls, ushiya impendulo ku-franchisor.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu lwazi lusetshenziselwa ukwenza izinqumo ezengeziwe.

Uma uhweba ngama-rolls ne-sushi, khona-ke i-franchise ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, hhayi yonke indawo lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lungenziwa ngaphandle kwemininingwane eyengeziwe kanye nesipiliyoni somsebenzi. AmaRoll adinga ukunakwa ngokufanele, ngokujwayelekile, njenge-sushi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, lokhu kudla kwasolwandle kusetshenziswa kungaphekiwe, ngakho-ke, udinga ukugwema noma yikuphi ukungalungi ngesikhathi sokwenza kwabo. I-franchise izokusiza ubhekane nenqubo yokulungisa izitsha eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba umlingani wakho osezingeni eliphezulu usevele uyazi ukuthi angakwenza kanjani lokhu futhi uzokunikeza lonke ulwazi oludingekayo. I-franchise uhlobo olwenziwe ngokwezifiso lwenqubo yebhizinisi, ubuchwepheshe obufakazelwe, ulwazi oluyingqayizivele nomkhiqizo okhuthazwe kahle.

Konke lokhu uthola uma unquma ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wokwakha nokuthengisa i-sushi kanye nama-rolls e-franchise. Ngokubuyisa lokho, ukhokha umnikelo omncane impela, ongadluli ngisho ku-10% wemali yakho engenayo yenyanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunikezwa nemali eyisamba, okufanele uyikhokhe ngokushesha, lapho nje wenza isivumelwano futhi uqala ukudala iphrojekthi yakho. Njengomthetho, inkokhelo eyisamba sokuthengiswa kwe-franchise ye-sushi kanye nama-rolls ngeke ibe ngaphezu kwe-11% yenani lotshalo-mali. Lokhu kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile futhi ongamangalisi ukuthi zonke izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ziyakujabulela ukuwusebenzisa.

Ikhathalogi yama-franchise esitolo ikunika ithuba lokuvula ibhizinisi lakho emkhakheni wezokuthengisa. Le ngxenye yebhizinisi ithandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo. Ukuhweba akudingi ukutshalwa kwemali okukhulu nokuthengwa kwemishini yokukhiqiza, ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lubonakala ngenzuzo esheshayo yezimali kanye nezinga eliphezulu lemali engenayo.

Ikhathalogu yama-franchise ezitolo iqukethe okunikezwayo okukhanga kakhulu: ungakhetha inkomba kwezokuhweba, uvule i-franchise futhi usebenze ngempumelelo futhi uthuthukise ibhizinisi lakho. Okuthandwa kakhulu yizindawo ezinjengezitolo zokudla, izitolo zezingubo, izicathulo, izimpahla zezingane, imishini, njll. Konke lokhu kuyatholakala kukhathalogi yethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhathalogu ye-franchise, ungathola okunikezwayo kokuthenga ngezitolo izitolo eziku-inthanethi, ukubaluleka kwazo okungenakunyakaziswa ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ngo-2020-2021 izinga lokuhweba nge-inthanethi selikhuphuke kakhulu, elenza izitolo eziku-inthanethi zakhanga ekubukeni kwezamabhizinisi: ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane, ukubuyisa ngokushesha, izinga eliphezulu lenzuzo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthengwa okuzimele kwezimpahla, futhi asikho isidingo okokusebenza okukhethekile.

Kungani ukhetha i-franchise yesitolo bese usebenzisa ikhathalogi? Okokuqala, kukhathalogi, ungathola uhlu lwawo wonke ama-franchise anikezwa yizitolo ezinhle kakhulu ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Okwesibili, imbuyiselo yotshalomali isivele ikhona onyakeni wokuqala webhizinisi. Vele, izinga lokuncintisana emkhakheni wezohwebo nalo kufanele licatshangwe. Ngalesi sizathu, inketho engcono kakhulu kungaba ukubuyekeza wonke amanethiwekhi atholakalayo we-franchise nokunikezwayo kwabo.

Yini ikhathalogi yethu ne-franchising engayinikeza ngokujwayelekile?

• Izipesheli ezivela kumikhiqizo eyaziwayo;

• Amandla okuthengisa izimpahla ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezitolo ezihamba phambili;

• Zuza esikhathini sokubuyiselwa, usayizi wokutshalwa kwemali, namanani akhangayo;

• Izinkampani ezihlinzeka nge-franchise zinikeza inqubomgomo yazo yokumaketha eyakheke kahle kanye nomkhankaso wokukhangisa - awudingi ukusungula ibhizinisi lakho zisuka nje.

Kukhathalogi yethu yezitolo zama-franchise, ungathola kalula futhi uzikhethele izipesheli ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezinenzuzo ezizokulethela imali enhle nobumnandi obuvela emsebenzini. Ngenxa yekhathalogi, uzokwazi ukuxhumana ngqo nabanikazi bezitolo zama-franchise. Ibhizinisi lakho lisezandleni zakho, isisekelo sebhizinisi lakho likukhathalogi yethu ye-franchise!

I-franchise yebha ye-sushi izosebenza ngokungenaphutha kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo zokulungiselela okulungile nokusetshenziswa okulungile. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza nge-franchise, osuvele unethuba lokusebenzisa izinzuzo eziningi ezingatholakali kubaphikisi bakho, abazenzela ngokwabo. Sebenzisa i-sushi franchise yakho ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu, wenze amaphepha ngokulandela imithetho nezimiso. Futhi ngalokhu, uzoba nalo lonke ulwazi oludingayo oludingayo ukuze ube lula, ulusebenzise njengoba kuhlosiwe. Uma unesifiso sokuvula ibha ye-sushi ye-franchise, bese ukhetha okungcono kakhulu emakethe. Lokhu kulula kakhulu ukukwenza ngokuvakashela isiza esikhethekile, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isitolo se-franchise.

Kuzoba nokukhethwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinketho, lapho ukhetha khona okungcono kakhulu okuzohlangabezana ngokugcwele nezidingo zakho. Lapho uthatha isinqumo sokungena kubha ye-sushi, i-franchise izokusiza ukusetha imisebenzi yakho yobufundisi ngaphansi kwamazinga nemithethonqubo emihle kakhulu. Awudingi ukusungula okuthile bese ukumunca ngomunwe wakho, konke kuzoba sesandleni sakho.

I-franchise esetshenziswe kahle, lapho kuzosebenza khona ibha yesushi ngokoqobo, izohlinzeka ngamakhasimende ahlala njalo futhi azinzile. Ngakho-ke abantu bazophendukela enkampanini yakho uqobo, ngoba nje bekujabulele ukuxhumana nenhlangano enjalo okokugcina. Usebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwamandla, kuzokwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi zingaki izimpahla ezidinga ukukhiqizwa ukuze, njengengxenye ye-franchise yebha ye-sushi, ube nenani elifanele lokusiza amakhasimende. Lokhu kulula kakhulu, ngoba kukuvumela ukuthi ugweme ukusebenzisa imali ngokungadingekile futhi awudingi ukushiya izinsiza ngakusasa. Futhi, uma usebenzisa i-sushi bar franchise, noma yikuphi okusele okuvela izolo ngokuvamile akwamukelekile. I-franchise ihlinzeka ngokuqaliswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yebhizinisi, futhi asikho isidingo sokuchitha isikhathi ezintweni ezingenamsebenzi.

I-franchise ye-sushi iyadingeka ngoba nje kuwumsebenzi waphesheya kwezilwandle futhi kungcono ukuxhumana nommeleli womkhiqizo waseJapan.